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Course Outline

Relational Database Models

  • Understanding the structure of a relational database.
  • Different types of table connections.
  • Database normalization and denormalization concepts.
  • Relational operators.

Data Retrieval

  • Rules for writing SQL queries.
  • SELECT statement syntax.
  • Selecting all columns.
  • Performing arithmetic operations in queries.
  • Using column aliases.
  • Understanding literals.
  • Utilizing the concatenation operator.

Limiting Results

  • Using the WHERE clause.
  • Employing comparison operators.
  • Using the LIKE condition.
  • Utilizing the BETWEEN ... AND condition.
  • Applying the IS NULL condition.
  • Using the IN condition.
  • Implementing Boolean operators: AND, OR, and NOT.
  • Combining multiple conditions in the WHERE clause.
  • Understanding the precedence of operators.
  • Using the DISTINCT clause.

Sorting Data

  • Using the ORDER BY clause.
  • Sorting by multiple columns or expressions.

SQL Functions

  • Differences between single-row and multi-row functions.
  • Text, numeric, and date functions.
  • Explicit and implicit data conversion.
  • Conversion functions.
  • Nesting functions.
  • Evaluating function performance using the DUAL table.
  • Retrieving the current date using the SYSDATE function.
  • Handling NULL values.

Aggregating Data with Grouping

  • Understanding grouping functions.
  • How grouping functions handle NULL values.
  • Creating data groups using the GROUP BY clause.
  • Grouping by multiple columns.
  • Limiting grouped function results using the HAVING clause.

Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables

  • Types of joins.
  • Using NATURAL JOIN.
  • Applying table aliases.
  • Performing joins within the WHERE clause.
  • Understanding INNER JOIN.
  • Outer Joins: LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL OUTER JOIN.
  • Understanding the Cartesian product.

Subqueries

  • Placing subqueries within the SELECT command.
  • Distinguishing between single-row and multi-row subqueries.
  • Operators for single-row subqueries.
  • Using grouping features within subqueries.
  • Operators for multi-row subqueries: IN, ALL, ANY.
  • Handling NULL values in subqueries.

Set Operators

  • UNION operator.
  • UNION ALL operator.
  • INTERSECT operator.
  • MINUS operator.

Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data

  • Using the INSERT command.
  • Copying data from another table.
  • Using the UPDATE command.
  • Using the DELETE command.
  • Using the TRUNCATE command.

Transactions

  • Managing transactions with COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT commands.

DDL Commands

  • Key database objects.
  • Rules for naming database objects.
  • Creating tables.
  • Data types available for columns.
  • Using the DEFAULT option.
  • Using the NULL and NOT NULL options.

Managing Tables

  • Enforcing referential integrity: CHECK, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE.
  • Creating a table via a query.
  • Dropping a table using DROP TABLE.
  • Using the DESCRIBE command.

Other Schema Objects

  • Sequences.
  • Synonyms.
  • Views.

Requirements

  • Basic computer literacy.
  • Familiarity with any operating system.
 21 Hours

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